Earth Sciences in the Age of the Satellite

From Galileo to Aldrin and Armstrong.- 1. Some Basic Observations.- 1/Basic Principles of Remote Detection.- I. The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 1. Spectral Bands not Used by Earth Sciences.- 2. Bands of the Spectrum Usable and Partially Used in Earth Sciences.- II. The Visible and Near Infrared of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 1. The Basic Principles of Photography.- 2. Multispectral Photography.- 3. Stereoscopic Photographs.- 4. Fineness of Resolution of Photographic Emulsions.- III. The Invisible Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum.- 1. Atmospheric Absorption.- 2. Atmospheric Windows.- 3. Microwaves.- IV. Emitted Radiation and Reflected Radiation.- 1. Reflected Radiation.- 2. Emitted Radiation.- Conclusion to Part 1.- 2/Artificial Satellites and Remote Detection.- Types of Satellites.- 1. ‘TIROS-ESSA’ Type.- 2. ATS Type.- 3. ‘Nimbus’ Type.- I. The Problem of Real Time.- 1. Opposition between Eastern and Western Margins.- 2. Time Increments as a Function of Latitude.- 3. Importance of the Real Time Problem.- II. Instrumentation Onboard the Satellites.- 1. Types of Instruments According to Spectral Band.- 2. Ground Resolution.- 3. Equipment on Board Satellites.- 4. Signal Reception.- III. Satellites Destined for Earth Sciences.- 1. NERO.- 2. SCMR and ESMR.- 3. RBV and MSS (‘ERTS 1’ and ‘2’).- 4. Hyper Frequencies and Thermal Infrared.- 5. Processing of Information Received from Earth Resources Satellites.- IV. Processing of Information Received from Meteorological Satellites.- 1. Onboard Detection and Retransmission to Earth.- 2. Production of Photographic Records (Photofacsimile).- 3. Digitized Magnetic Tapes (NMRT).- 4. Digitized Maps.- 5. Cartographic Problems.- Conclusions to Part 2. Aircraft and Space Vessels: Competition or Cooperation?.- 1. Satellite Superiority.- 2. Aircraft Superiority.- 3. Response to the Question at Issue.- 3/Applications to Earth Sciences.- I. Manned Satellites.- 1. Multispectral Photography (Apollo 9).- 2. Some Mapping Results Obtained with Photographs from the Various Gemini Satellites.- II. Broad Principles of Interpretation.- 1. ‘The Surface’.- 2. Reflected Infrared.- 3. Emitted Infrared.- 4. Passive Microwaves.- III. Geopedological Examples.- 1. Reflected Near Infrared (0.8–1.3 µm).- 2. Emitted Nocturnal Infrared.- 3. Emitted Diurnal Infrared.- 4. Passive Microwaves.- 5. Conclusion.- IV. Non-Geopedological Examples.- 1. Volcanology.- 2. Glaciology.- 3. Oceanography.- 4. Some Meteorological Aspects.- General Conclusion. Prospects for the Future.- 1. Satellites of the Immediate Future.- 2. The Three Future of Remote Detection.- 3. University Aspects.- Appendixes.- Appendix A. The Great Firsts of the Space Age.- Appendix B. Where to Obtain Satellite Data?.- Appendix C. Requests for Photographs (Facsimile, Television).- Appendix D. Application for Digitized Map.- Appendix E. NASA Questionnaire on Utilization of ERTS (Earth Resources Satellites) and Skylab Information.- Appendix F. Emitted Energy and Emissivity.- Appendix G. How to Derive the Height of an Object from Aerial Photographs.- Map Supplements.