Management of Technological Change

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Technological Change.- 1.2 Factors Influencing Technological Change.- 1.3 Technological Voids and Technological Developments.- 1.4 Acquisition of New Technology.- 1.5 Management of Technological Change.- 1.6 Modelling in the Management of Technological Change.- 1.7 The Technological Change Process.- 1.7.1 Technological Change Process Stages.- 1.8 Comparative Management of Technological Change.- 2. Research in the Management of Technological Change.- 2.1 Industry Studies.- 2.2 Experience and Technology Change.- 2.3 Management of Studies.- 2.3.1 Comparative Management of Technological Change.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Economics of Production and Technological Change.- 3.1 Characteristics of Isocost Curves and Isoquants.- 3.2 Production Function Theory.- 3.2.1 Neo-classical Production Functions.- 3.2.2 Vintage Model: Substitutability Before and After the Investment.- 3.3 Costs of Production.- 3.4 Increase in Production Input Costs.- 4. Productivity and Technological Change.- 4.1 Experience Curve Analysis.- 4.1.1 Use of Experience Curves.- 4.1.2 Simple Transition Model.- 4.2 Performance Evaluation and Productivity Measurements.- 4.2.1 Total Productivity Index.- 4.2.2 Computation of Productivity Change.- 4.2.3 An Example of Productivity Maximization.- 4.3 Difficulties in Defining and Measuring Productivity.- 4.4 The Impact of Productivity.- 5. Modes of Technological Change.- 5.1 Endogenous Factors and Their Effect on Technological Change.- 5.2 Exogenous Factors and Their Effect on Technological Change.- 5.3 Modes of Technological Change.- 5.4 Diffusion and Substitution of Technology.- 5.4.1 Substitution Models for Technological Change.- 5.4.2 Use of the Innovation Index in a Determining Market Substitution Index.- 5.5 Origins of Technological Change.- 6. Sources of New Technology.- 6.1 Technology Acquisitions.- 6.1.1 Motivation, Rewards, and Incentives.- 6.2 Technology Transfer.- 6.2.1 Effectiveness of Technology Transfer Directed Toward Less Developed Countries.- 6.2.2 Technology Transfer Pricing.- 6.3 Technology Licensing.- 6.4 Patents and Other Methods of Protection of Inventions.- 6.4.1 Patent Protection.- Appendix 6A - Basic Concepts of Game Theory or Strategic Competitive Decisionmaking.- 7. Technology Pricing and Economic Evaluation.- 7.1 Pricing New Technology - Impact of Diffusion and Marketing.- 7.2 Technology Pricing Strategies.- 7.2.1 Technology Pricing Analysis.- 7.3 Pricing Mature Technology-Substitution Effects.- 7.4 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Learning and Technological Change.- 7.4.1 Objectives of Technological Change.- 7.4.2 Technological Change Decision Problems.- 8.0 Technological Forecasting.- 8.1 Methods and Techniques of Technological Forecasting.- 8.2 The Delphi and Other Subjective or Expert Opinion Techniques for Technological Forecasting.- 8.2.1 The Delphi Technological Forecasting Technique.- 8.3 Cross-Impact Forecasting of Technological Change.- 8.3.1 KSIM-QSIM.- 8.3.2 Recent Improvements and Revisions of the Cross-Impact Method.- Appendix 8A - Example of a Cross-Impact Technology Forecast - Shipbuilding.- 9. Product, Process, and Service Innovation Cycles.- 9.1 Diffusion of Innovations.- 9.1.1 Commercialization of Innovations.- 9.2 Capacity Expansion and Cost Reduction.- 9.2.1 The Effect of the Size of the Firm.- 9.3 Product Innovation and Development.- 9.4 Management of Innovation.- 9.5 The Innovation Process.- 10. Decision Theory and Hierarchial Processes.- 10.1 Alternative Process Technology Choice Decisions.- 10.2 Choice Among Technological Alternatives.- 10.2.1 Mixed Qualitative and Quantitative Technological Choice Problems.- Appendix 10A - Case Study - Selection of an Approach and Landing System for Kilimanjaro International Airport (Kia-Tanzania).- Appendix 10B - Case Study II - Technological Change Decisions in Copies and Products.- Appendix 10C - The Analytic Hierarchy Process.- 11. The Economic Impact of Technological Change.- 11.1 International Flow of Technology.- 11.2 Comparative Management of Technological Change.- 11.2.1 Comparative Management Factors.- 11.2.2 Rationale for Comparative Management Analysis.- 11.2.3 Criteria for Measurement of Management Processes.- 11.2.4 Technological Change and the Management Organization.- 11.3 Comparative Management Models.- 11.3.1 Model Evaluation.- 11.4 Impact of Technological Change on Worker and Manager.- 11.4.1 Labor/Management Cooperation.- 11.5 Government Role.- 11.5.1 Developing Country Technology Gap.- Appendix 11A - Summary of Comparative Management of Technology Studies.- Appendix 11B - Japanese and U.S. Technology Development.- Appendix 11C - Support of Technology Development.- 12. Environmental Impact and Future Role of Technological Change.- 12.1 Impact of Technological Change on Developing Countries.- 12.2 Environmental Impact of Technological Change in Industrial Countries.- 12.3 Technological Change Decision Making.- 12.3.1 Future Management Challenges.- 12.4 Technological Risk Management.- 12.4.1 Probabilistic Technology Risk Assessment.- 13. Strategic Management of Technological Change.